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The work function is defined as the work needed to move an electron from a surface to a point in vacuum sufficiently far away from this surface.
The workfunction is defined as the work needed to move an electron from a surface to a point in vacuum sufficiently far away from this surface. It is a central quantity in surface science, vacuum science, catalysis and other related fields as it characterizes a given surface; illustrating the presence of impurities, adsorbates and possible surface reconstruction. It is typically measured using surface science techniques such as thermionic emission, the Kelvin probe method, etc. It has also served as a important measure in various theoretical models about metallic surfaces. On this page, we describe how the workfunction is computed using outputs from a DFT calculation performed using VASP. We detail best-practices, required {{FILE|INCAR}} tags and possible pitfalls.
It is a central quantity in surface science, vacuum science, catalysis, and other related fields as it characterizes a given surface; illustrating the presence of impurities, adsorbates, and possible surface reconstruction.
{{NB|mind| The workfunction is a property of a surface, not a bulk property. Hence, the content of this page only applies to systems with reduced dimensionality (such as surfaces) i.e. systems where there is expected to be a charge density free region in at least one direction of the cell.}}
It is typically measured using surface science techniques such as thermionic emission, the Kelvin probe method, etc.
It has also served as an important measure in various theoretical models about metallic surfaces.
On this page, we describe how to compute the work function using outputs from a DFT calculation performed using VASP.
We detail best practices, required {{FILE|INCAR}} tags, and possible pitfalls.
{{NB|mind| The work function is a property of a surface, not a bulk property. Hence, the content of this page only applies to systems with reduced dimensionality (such as surfaces), i.e., systems where there is expected to be a charge-density-free region in at least one direction of the cell.}}


== Required quantities ==
== Required quantities ==


The workfunction, <math display="inline">\Phi</math>, is computed using the expression, <math display="block">
The work function, <math display="inline">\Phi</math>, is computed using the expression, <math display="block">
\Phi = e\phi_{\mathrm{vacuum}} - \mu_{\mathrm{Fermi}}
\Phi = e\phi_{\mathrm{vacuum}} - \varepsilon_{\mathrm{F}}
</math> where <math display="inline">\phi_{\mathrm{vacuum}}</math> is the vacuum potential, i.e. the potential sufficiently far away from a surface, such that if an electron were to be placed at this position, it would not feel the presence of the surface. <math display="inline">\mu_{\mathrm{Fermi}}</math> is the Fermi level of the surface and <math display="inline">e</math> is the charge on the electron (equal to 1 in atomic units). In the next section, we describe how <math display="inline">\phi_{\mathrm{vacuum}}</math> and <math display="inline">\mu_{\mathrm{Fermi}}</math> are determined from the {{FILE|LOCPOT}} and {{FILE|OUTCAR}} files respectively.
</math> where <math display="inline">\phi_{\mathrm{vacuum}}</math> is the vacuum potential, i.e., the potential sufficiently far away from a surface, such that if an electron were to be placed at this position, it would not feel the presence of the surface. <math display="inline">\varepsilon_{F}</math> is the Fermi level of the surface, and <math display="inline">e</math> is the charge on the electron (equal to 1 in atomic units).  
In the next section, we describe how <math display="inline">\phi_{\mathrm{vacuum}}</math> and <math display="inline">\varepsilon_{F}</math> are determined from the {{FILE|LOCPOT}} and {{FILE|OUTCAR}} files, respectively.
== Step-by-step instructions ==  
== Step-by-step instructions ==  
=== Fermi energy ===
The Fermi energy is written directly to the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} file. <code>grep</code> for the following lines in the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} to get the Fermi energy in eV.
  grep "Fermi energy" OUTCAR
=== Vacuum potential ===
To compute the vacuum potential, perform the following steps:
'''Step 1:''' Ensure that the chosen structure has a large enough atom-free (i.e. charge density free) and field-free region in the direction of the surface normal. A good rule-of-thumb is to center the atoms in your cell and have anywhere between 8-12<math display="inline">\AA</math> of vacuum on either side in this direction.
{{NB|warning| Not using enough vacuum causes a field within the vacuum region, leading to inaccurate values of the vacuum potential (see point 3).}}
'''Step 2:''' Perform a ground state DFT calculation. We suggest setting {{TAG|PREC}}=Accurate</code> . If your cell has a net dipole moment (i.e. it is not symmetric along the direction of the surface normal), we suggest switching on the dipole correction by using the following INCAR tags: {{TAG|LDIPOL}}, {{TAG|IDIPOL}}, {{TAG|DIPOL}}. The use of the dipole correction is crucial to obtaining a flat field-free region in the potential (''c.f''. next point). In addition to to these tags, set the {{TAG|LVHAR}}=T to output only the Hartree and ionic potentials to the {{FILE|LOCPOT}} file.
{{NB|tip| We recommend using only the Hartree and ionic pontentials as the exchange-correlation potential decays very slowly in vacuum. Using the sum of the Hartree and ionic potentials allows for determining the workfunction with significantly less vacuum requirements (and hence lower computational cost).}}


'''Step 3:''' Compute the vacuum potential. Average the contents of the {{FILE|LOCPOT}} file along the lattice vectors of the surface (i.e. both directions perpendicular to the surface normal). Find the field free region by determining the region of space where the potential remains constant. This value of the potential is the vacuum potential.  
'''Step 1''': Ensure that the chosen structure has a large enough atom-free, i.e., charge-density-free, and field-free region in the direction normal to the surface.
{{NB|tip| There exist two vacuum potential regions, one for either direction of the surface normal. Depending on your system, one of the directions may be more relevant than another. }}
A good rule of thumb is to center the atoms in your cell and have anywhere between 8–12 Å of vacuum on either side in this direction.
{{NB|warning| An insufficiently large vacuum region causes a field within the vacuum region and, thus, leads to inaccurate values of the vacuum potential (see point 3).}}


'''Alternative to Step 3:''' An alternative way to determine the vacuum potential is to let VASP compute it and write the result to the OUTCAR. Simply add the tag {{TAG|VACPOTAV}} to the INCAR file. <code>grep</code> for the following in the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} file:
'''Step 2''': Perform a ground-state-DFT calculation. We suggest setting {{TAG|PREC}}=Accurate.
If your cell has a net dipole moment, (i.e., it is not symmetric along the direction of the surface normal),
we suggest switching on the dipole correction by using the following INCAR tags: {{TAG|LDIPOL}}, {{TAG|IDIPOL}}, {{TAG|DIPOL}}.
The use of the dipole correction is crucial to obtaining a flat field-free region in the potential (''c.f''. next point).
In addition to these tags, set the {{TAG|LVHAR}}=T to output only the Hartree and ionic potentials to the {{FILE|LOCPOT}} file or set <code>{{TAGBL|WRT_POTENTIAL}}=hartree ionic</code> to store the potentials in the {{FILE|vaspout.h5}} file.
{{NB|tip| We recommend using only the Hartree and ionic potentials as the exchange-correlation potential decays very slowly in the vacuum region. Using the sum of the Hartree and ionic potentials allows for determining the work function with significantly less vacuum requirements (and hence lower computational cost).}}
'''Step 3''': Compute the vacuum potential.
Average the contents of the {{FILE|LOCPOT}} or the /results/potential/hartree and /results/potential/ionic datasets of the {{FILE|vaspout.h5}} file along the lattice vectors of the surface, (i.e., both directions perpendicular to the surface normal).
Find the field-free region by determining the region of space where the potential remains constant.
This value of the potential is the vacuum potential.
{{NB|tip| There exist two vacuum potential regions, one for either direction of the surface normal. Depending on your system, one of the directions may be more relevant than another.}}
'''Step 3b''': Alternatively, VASP can compute the vacuum potential when you set {{TAG|LVACPOTAV}}=T in the INCAR file.
You can then <code>grep</code> for the output in the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} file


     grep upper OUTCAR
     grep upper OUTCAR
which gives the following example output:
which gives the following example output:


   vacuum level on the upper side and lower side of the slab        8.049        7.778
   vacuum level on the upper side and lower side of the slab        8.049        7.778


'''Step 4''': Determine the Fermi energy.
The Fermi energy is written directly to the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} file. <code>grep</code> for the following lines in the {{FILE|OUTCAR}} to get the Fermi energy in eV.
  grep "Fermi energy" OUTCAR


== Example ==
== Example ==


[[File:workfunction_potentials.png|thumbnail|400px|Vacuum potential referenced to the Fermi energy plotted against the distance along the surface normal. Insets to the figure show the workfunction for (red) a clean Pt(111) surface (blue) Pt(111) with a carbon atom adsorbed on only one surface termination (atom center ~15 Å on the ''x''-axis)]]
[[File:workfunction_potentials.png|thumbnail|400px|Vacuum potential referenced to the Fermi energy plotted against the distance along the surface normal. Insets to the figure show the work function for (red) a clean Pt(111) surface (blue) Pt(111) with a carbon atom adsorbed on only one surface termination (atom center ~15 Å on the ''x'' axis).]]


Consider an example of a carbon atom adsorbed on an ''fcc''-Pt(111) surface. The structure for such a system is
Consider an example of a carbon atom adsorbed on an ''fcc''-Pt(111) surface. The structure of such a system is


  Pt16C
  Pt16C
Line 69: Line 75:
     0.0000000000000000    0.0000000000000000    0.7597409791417501
     0.0000000000000000    0.0000000000000000    0.7597409791417501


Since the system has a net-dipole moment (the bottom and top surfaces are not identical, one is clean and another has carbon adsorbed on it), we would need to use the dipole correction in our calculation. An example {{FILE|INCAR}} file for this system is,
The bottom and top surfaces are not identical: one is clean, and the other has carbon adsorbed on it. Since the system has a net dipole moment, we need to use the dipole correction in our calculation.
An example {{FILE|INCAR}} file for this system is,


  LDIPOL  = T
  {{TAGBL|LDIPOL}} = T
  IDIPOL  = 3
  {{TAGBL|IDIPOL}} = 3
  DIPOL     = 0.5 0.5 0.5
  {{TAGBL|DIPOL}}  = 0.5 0.5 0.5
  LVHAR  = T
  {{TAGBL|LVHAR}}   = T
  PREC    = Accurate
  {{TAGBL|PREC}}   = Accurate


A representative example of the vacuum potential is shows in the Figure to the right (obtained by averaging the contents of {{FILE|LOCPOT}}). This potential is referenced to the Fermi energy and is plotted against the distance along the surface normal (x-axis) for two system, ''fcc'' Pt(111) surface (in blue) and Pt(111) surface with a carbon atom adsorbed on one surface termination (Pt(111)-C*). The vacuum potentials are flat (i.e. constant) on either side (magnified in insets). The workfunction on either side of the slab are annotated in the insets as <math display="inline">\Phi</math>; equal for both sides for the slab, but slightly higher for the case of Pt(111)-C*.
The Figure to the right shows a representative example of the vacuum potential obtained by averaging the contents of {{FILE|LOCPOT}}.
This potential is referenced to the Fermi energy and is plotted against the distance along the surface normal (''x'' axis) for two systems,
''fcc'' Pt(111) surface (in blue) and Pt(111) surface with a carbon atom adsorbed on one surface termination (Pt(111)-C*).
The vacuum potentials are flat, (i.e., constant), on either side (magnified in insets).
The work function on either side of the slab is annotated in the insets as <math display="inline">\Phi</math>. It is equal for both sides of the clean slab but slightly higher for the case of Pt(111)-C*.


==Related tags and articles==
==Related tags and articles==
{{FILE|LOCPOT}} {{TAG|LDIPOL}} {{TAG|IDIPOL}} {{TAG|DIPOL}}
{{FILE|LOCPOT}}, {{TAG|LDIPOL}}, {{TAG|IDIPOL}}, {{TAG|DIPOL}}, {{TAG|LVHAR}}, {{TAG|WRT_POTENTIAL}}
 
[[Category:Howto]][[Category:Electrostatics]][[Category:Electronic ground-state properties]]

Latest revision as of 08:53, 12 June 2024

The work function is defined as the work needed to move an electron from a surface to a point in vacuum sufficiently far away from this surface. It is a central quantity in surface science, vacuum science, catalysis, and other related fields as it characterizes a given surface; illustrating the presence of impurities, adsorbates, and possible surface reconstruction. It is typically measured using surface science techniques such as thermionic emission, the Kelvin probe method, etc. It has also served as an important measure in various theoretical models about metallic surfaces. On this page, we describe how to compute the work function using outputs from a DFT calculation performed using VASP. We detail best practices, required INCAR tags, and possible pitfalls.

Mind: The work function is a property of a surface, not a bulk property. Hence, the content of this page only applies to systems with reduced dimensionality (such as surfaces), i.e., systems where there is expected to be a charge-density-free region in at least one direction of the cell.

Required quantities

The work function, , is computed using the expression,

where is the vacuum potential, i.e., the potential sufficiently far away from a surface, such that if an electron were to be placed at this position, it would not feel the presence of the surface. is the Fermi level of the surface, and is the charge on the electron (equal to 1 in atomic units). In the next section, we describe how and are determined from the LOCPOT and OUTCAR files, respectively.

Step-by-step instructions

Step 1: Ensure that the chosen structure has a large enough atom-free, i.e., charge-density-free, and field-free region in the direction normal to the surface. A good rule of thumb is to center the atoms in your cell and have anywhere between 8–12 Å of vacuum on either side in this direction.

Warning: An insufficiently large vacuum region causes a field within the vacuum region and, thus, leads to inaccurate values of the vacuum potential (see point 3).

Step 2: Perform a ground-state-DFT calculation. We suggest setting PREC=Accurate. If your cell has a net dipole moment, (i.e., it is not symmetric along the direction of the surface normal), we suggest switching on the dipole correction by using the following INCAR tags: LDIPOL, IDIPOL, DIPOL. The use of the dipole correction is crucial to obtaining a flat field-free region in the potential (c.f. next point). In addition to these tags, set the LVHAR=T to output only the Hartree and ionic potentials to the LOCPOT file or set WRT_POTENTIAL=hartree ionic to store the potentials in the vaspout.h5 file.

Tip: We recommend using only the Hartree and ionic potentials as the exchange-correlation potential decays very slowly in the vacuum region. Using the sum of the Hartree and ionic potentials allows for determining the work function with significantly less vacuum requirements (and hence lower computational cost).

Step 3: Compute the vacuum potential. Average the contents of the LOCPOT or the /results/potential/hartree and /results/potential/ionic datasets of the vaspout.h5 file along the lattice vectors of the surface, (i.e., both directions perpendicular to the surface normal). Find the field-free region by determining the region of space where the potential remains constant. This value of the potential is the vacuum potential.

Tip: There exist two vacuum potential regions, one for either direction of the surface normal. Depending on your system, one of the directions may be more relevant than another.

Step 3b: Alternatively, VASP can compute the vacuum potential when you set LVACPOTAV=T in the INCAR file. You can then grep for the output in the OUTCAR file

   grep upper OUTCAR

which gives the following example output:

  vacuum level on the upper side and lower side of the slab         8.049         7.778

Step 4: Determine the Fermi energy. The Fermi energy is written directly to the OUTCAR file. grep for the following lines in the OUTCAR to get the Fermi energy in eV.

  grep "Fermi energy" OUTCAR

Example

Vacuum potential referenced to the Fermi energy plotted against the distance along the surface normal. Insets to the figure show the work function for (red) a clean Pt(111) surface (blue) Pt(111) with a carbon atom adsorbed on only one surface termination (atom center ~15 Å on the x axis).

Consider an example of a carbon atom adsorbed on an fcc-Pt(111) surface. The structure of such a system is

Pt16C
1.0000000000000000
   5.5437171645025325    0.0000000000000000    0.0000000000000000
   0.0000000000000000    4.8009998958550284    0.0000000000000000
   0.0000000000000000    0.0000000000000000   20.0000000000000000
Pt C
16 1
Direct
   0.1250000000000000    0.0833333333333334    0.3302590208582500
   0.6250000000000000    0.0833333333333334    0.3302590208582500
   0.3749999999999999    0.5833333333333334    0.3302590208582500
   0.8750000000000001    0.5833333333333334    0.3302590208582500
   0.3749999999999999    0.2500000000000000    0.4434196736194167
   0.8750000000000001    0.2500000000000000    0.4434196736194167
   0.1250000000000000    0.7500000000000000    0.4434196736194167
   0.6250000000000000    0.7500000000000000    0.4434196736194167
   0.1250000000000000    0.4166666666666667    0.5565803263805833
   0.6250000000000000    0.4166666666666667    0.5565803263805833
   0.3749999999999999    0.9166666666666666    0.5565803263805833
   0.8750000000000001    0.9166666666666666    0.5565803263805833
   0.1250000000000000    0.0833333333333334    0.6697409791417500
   0.6250000000000000    0.0833333333333334    0.6697409791417500
   0.3749999999999999    0.5833333333333334    0.6697409791417500
   0.8750000000000001    0.5833333333333334    0.6697409791417500
   0.0000000000000000    0.0000000000000000    0.7597409791417501

The bottom and top surfaces are not identical: one is clean, and the other has carbon adsorbed on it. Since the system has a net dipole moment, we need to use the dipole correction in our calculation. An example INCAR file for this system is,

LDIPOL  = T
IDIPOL  = 3
DIPOL   = 0.5 0.5 0.5
LVHAR   = T
PREC    = Accurate

The Figure to the right shows a representative example of the vacuum potential obtained by averaging the contents of LOCPOT. This potential is referenced to the Fermi energy and is plotted against the distance along the surface normal (x axis) for two systems, fcc Pt(111) surface (in blue) and Pt(111) surface with a carbon atom adsorbed on one surface termination (Pt(111)-C*). The vacuum potentials are flat, (i.e., constant), on either side (magnified in insets). The work function on either side of the slab is annotated in the insets as . It is equal for both sides of the clean slab but slightly higher for the case of Pt(111)-C*.

Related tags and articles

LOCPOT, LDIPOL, IDIPOL, DIPOL, LVHAR, WRT_POTENTIAL